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Types of Accounts

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  TYPES OF ACCOUNTS 1.        Personal account: Personal accounts are the accounts of persons, firms, concerns and institutions while. The businessmen deal. Debit the receiver Credit the giver 2.        Real Account:  These are the accounts of things, materials, assets & properties. It has physical Existence which can be seen & touch.  Ex. Cash, Sale, Purchase, Furniture, Investment etc. Debit what comes in Credit what goes out 3.        Nominal account:   Nominal account is the account of services received (expenses and Losses) and Services Given (income and gain) Ex. Salary, Rent, Wages, Stationery etc. Debit all expense/losses Credit all income/ gains Note: - Under any transaction the total of debit column of the journal should be the same as that of credit column
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Terminology of Accounting in Tally

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BASIC CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTING Accounting:  It is an art of recording, classifying and summarizing in significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are of financial character and interpreting the results thereof. Business transaction:  A business transaction is “The movement of money and money’s worth form one person to another”. Or exchange of values between two parties is also known as “Business Transaction”. Purchase: Purchase means goods purchased by a businessman from suppliers. Sales: Sales is goods sold by a businessman to his customers. Purchase Return or Rejection in or Outward Invoice:  Purchase return means the return of the full or a part of goods purchased by the businessman to his suppliers. Sales Return or Rejection out or Inward Invoice:     Sales return means the return of the full or a part of the goods sold by the customer to the businessman. Assets:  Assets are the things and properties possess...
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Practical chip-level repair exercises

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  1. Objective of Exercises 🎯 Develop practical skills in identifying and replacing faulty components Learn to measure voltages, check continuity, and troubleshoot chip-level faults Build confidence in safe handling and repair of motherboards and laptops 💪💻 2. Essential Tools for Practice 🛠️ Tool Purpose Emoji Soldering Station Solder/desolder components 🔥 🔧 Hot Air Rework Station Remove/replace SMD ICs 🌬️ 🔥 Multimeter Check voltage, continuity, resistance ⚡ 🧰 DC Power Supply Safe powering of board for testing ⚡ 🔌 Tweezers & PCB Holder Handle small components 🖇️ ✨ Magnifying Glass / Microscope Inspect solder joints 🔍 👀 Flux & Solder Wire Smooth soldering connections ✨ 🔗 3. Suggested Practical Exercises 🏗️ Exercise 1: Soldering & Desoldering Practice 🔥 Objective: Learn to solder and remove components safely Materials: Practice PCB kits, resistors, capacitors, LEDs Steps: Identify component location Apply flux Heat...
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Replacing ICs, MOSFETs, and chipset components

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  1. Introduction 🧩 Chip-level repair involves fixing individual components on the motherboard rather than replacing the whole board. Common components that fail: ICs (Integrated Circuits) 💾 MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET) ⚡ Chipsets (Northbridge, Southbridge, or Power ICs) 🧠 Purpose: Restore motherboard functionality while saving costs 💰. 2. Tools Required 🛠️ Tool Purpose Emoji Soldering Station Attach new components 🔥 🔧 Hot Air Rework Station Remove/reflow SMD/BGA chips 🌬️ 🔥 Tweezers & PCB Holder Handle small components 🖇️ ✨ Multimeter Check continuity, voltage, resistance ⚡ 🧰 Flux & Solder Wire Ensure proper soldering ✨ 🔗 Magnifying Glass / Microscope Inspect solder joints 🔍 👀 3. Steps to Replace Components 🔄 A. Identify Faulty Component 🕵️ Visual inspection → burnt marks, damaged legs, leaking capacitors 🔥 Test voltage rails with multimeter ⚡ Refer to schematic diagram to confirm component type and ...
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BIOS flashing and reprogramming

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  1. What is BIOS? 🖥️💡 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a firmware stored on the motherboard that: Initializes hardware at startup 🔧 Loads the operating system 💻 Provides system settings for CPU, RAM, storage, and peripherals ⚡ Why BIOS matters: A corrupted BIOS can make the laptop unbootable (black screen, no POST). ❌ 2. BIOS Flashing / Reprogramming 🔄💾 Definition: Flashing BIOS: Updating the firmware stored on the BIOS chip to fix bugs, add hardware support, or recover a corrupted BIOS. Reprogramming: Writing a new or repaired firmware to the BIOS chip using programmers or software tools . 3. Tools Required 🛠️ Tool Purpose Emoji BIOS Programmer / EEPROM Programmer Reads/writes BIOS chip 💾 💻 Multimeter Check voltage to BIOS chip ⚡ 🧰 Hot Air Rework Station Remove/reinstall BIOS chip 🌬️ 🔥 Soldering Station Solder the chip if required 🔧 🔥 Laptop/Desktop with Working BIOS To create backup firmware 💻 📀 4. Methods of BIOS Fl...
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Troubleshooting no power, no display, heating issues, and charging problems.

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  1. No Power Issue ❌🔌 Possible Causes: Faulty AC adapter or battery 🔋 Damaged power jack / motherboard ⚡ Blown fuse or power IC on motherboard 💥 Troubleshooting Steps: Check AC adapter : Use a multimeter to verify output voltage 🧰 Remove battery, try powering with adapter only 🔌 Test power button and connectors Check fuse / VRM on motherboard for continuity Replace defective components if identified 🛠️ Tip: Start from external power sources → move to internal components 🔄 2. No Display / Black Screen 🖥️❌ Possible Causes: Faulty LCD / LED screen 🖥️ Bad GPU or graphics IC 🎨 Loose display cable / connector 🔗 BIOS / firmware corruption 💾 Troubleshooting Steps: Connect to external monitor via HDMI/VGA → check if display works Reseat display cable at motherboard and screen ends Power on → listen for beep codes for POST errors Check GPU voltage rails using multimeter ⚡ Reflash BIOS if motherboar...
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Laptop motherboard architecture and voltage testing

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  1. Laptop Motherboard Architecture 🧩💻 A laptop motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components and manages power, data flow, and peripheral control. Key Components: Component Function Emoji CPU (Processor) Brain of laptop, executes instructions 🧠 🖥️ GPU (Graphics Chip) Handles graphics/video processing 🎨 🎮 RAM Slots Temporary storage for active tasks 💾 🧮 BIOS/EEPROM Chip Stores firmware for booting 💾 💻 Power IC / PMIC Controls voltage distribution ⚡ 🔋 Storage Interface SSD/HDD connection for permanent storage 🗂️ 💽 USB/Ethernet/Wi-Fi Controllers Connect peripherals and network 🌐 🔌 VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) Converts and regulates voltage for CPU/GPU ⚡ 🔧 Clock Generator Provides timing signals for components ⏱️ ⏰ Connectors & Ports For display, battery, keyboard, touchpad 🔗 🔌 Tip: Laptop motherboards are densely packed , so careful handling is essential. 2. Voltage Testing on a Laptop Motherboard ⚡🧰 Purpose: Ensure power ...
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