New world of Coding & Hacking

  1. Objective of Exercises 🎯 Develop practical skills in identifying and replacing faulty components Learn to measure voltages, check continuity, and troubleshoot chip-level faults Build confidence in safe handling and repair of motherboards and laptops 💪💻 2. Essential Tools for Practice 🛠️ Tool Purpose Emoji Soldering Station Solder/desolder components 🔥 🔧 Hot Air Rework Station Remove/replace SMD ICs 🌬️ 🔥 Multimeter Check voltage, continuity, resistance ⚡ 🧰 DC Power Supply Safe powering of board for testing ⚡ 🔌 Tweezers & PCB Holder Handle small components 🖇️ ✨ Magnifying Glass / Microscope Inspect solder joints 🔍 👀 Flux & Solder Wire Smooth soldering connections ✨ 🔗 3. Suggested Practical Exercises 🏗️ Exercise 1: Soldering & Desoldering Practice 🔥 Objective: Learn to solder and remove components safely Materials: Practice PCB kits, resistors, capacitors, LEDs Steps: Identify component location Apply flux Heat...

  1. Introduction 🧩 Chip-level repair involves fixing individual components on the motherboard rather than replacing the whole board. Common components that fail: ICs (Integrated Circuits) 💾 MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET) ⚡ Chipsets (Northbridge, Southbridge, or Power ICs) 🧠 Purpose: Restore motherboard functionality while saving costs 💰. 2. Tools Required 🛠️ Tool Purpose Emoji Soldering Station Attach new components 🔥 🔧 Hot Air Rework Station Remove/reflow SMD/BGA chips 🌬️ 🔥 Tweezers & PCB Holder Handle small components 🖇️ ✨ Multimeter Check continuity, voltage, resistance ⚡ 🧰 Flux & Solder Wire Ensure proper soldering ✨ 🔗 Magnifying Glass / Microscope Inspect solder joints 🔍 👀 3. Steps to Replace Components 🔄 A. Identify Faulty Component 🕵️ Visual inspection → burnt marks, damaged legs, leaking capacitors 🔥 Test voltage rails with multimeter ⚡ Refer to schematic diagram to confirm component type and ...

  1. What is BIOS? 🖥️💡 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a firmware stored on the motherboard that: Initializes hardware at startup 🔧 Loads the operating system 💻 Provides system settings for CPU, RAM, storage, and peripherals ⚡ Why BIOS matters: A corrupted BIOS can make the laptop unbootable (black screen, no POST). ❌ 2. BIOS Flashing / Reprogramming 🔄💾 Definition: Flashing BIOS: Updating the firmware stored on the BIOS chip to fix bugs, add hardware support, or recover a corrupted BIOS. Reprogramming: Writing a new or repaired firmware to the BIOS chip using programmers or software tools . 3. Tools Required 🛠️ Tool Purpose Emoji BIOS Programmer / EEPROM Programmer Reads/writes BIOS chip 💾 💻 Multimeter Check voltage to BIOS chip ⚡ 🧰 Hot Air Rework Station Remove/reinstall BIOS chip 🌬️ 🔥 Soldering Station Solder the chip if required 🔧 🔥 Laptop/Desktop with Working BIOS To create backup firmware 💻 📀 4. Methods of BIOS Fl...

  1. No Power Issue ❌🔌 Possible Causes: Faulty AC adapter or battery 🔋 Damaged power jack / motherboard ⚡ Blown fuse or power IC on motherboard 💥 Troubleshooting Steps: Check AC adapter : Use a multimeter to verify output voltage 🧰 Remove battery, try powering with adapter only 🔌 Test power button and connectors Check fuse / VRM on motherboard for continuity Replace defective components if identified 🛠️ Tip: Start from external power sources → move to internal components 🔄 2. No Display / Black Screen 🖥️❌ Possible Causes: Faulty LCD / LED screen 🖥️ Bad GPU or graphics IC 🎨 Loose display cable / connector 🔗 BIOS / firmware corruption 💾 Troubleshooting Steps: Connect to external monitor via HDMI/VGA → check if display works Reseat display cable at motherboard and screen ends Power on → listen for beep codes for POST errors Check GPU voltage rails using multimeter ⚡ Reflash BIOS if motherboar...

  1. Laptop Motherboard Architecture 🧩💻 A laptop motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components and manages power, data flow, and peripheral control. Key Components: Component Function Emoji CPU (Processor) Brain of laptop, executes instructions 🧠 🖥️ GPU (Graphics Chip) Handles graphics/video processing 🎨 🎮 RAM Slots Temporary storage for active tasks 💾 🧮 BIOS/EEPROM Chip Stores firmware for booting 💾 💻 Power IC / PMIC Controls voltage distribution ⚡ 🔋 Storage Interface SSD/HDD connection for permanent storage 🗂️ 💽 USB/Ethernet/Wi-Fi Controllers Connect peripherals and network 🌐 🔌 VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) Converts and regulates voltage for CPU/GPU ⚡ 🔧 Clock Generator Provides timing signals for components ⏱️ ⏰ Connectors & Ports For display, battery, keyboard, touchpad 🔗 🔌 Tip: Laptop motherboards are densely packed , so careful handling is essential. 2. Voltage Testing on a Laptop Motherboard ⚡🧰 Purpose: Ensure power ...

  1. What is Chip-Level Repair? 🧠🔧 Definition: Repairing individual components (chips, ICs, resistors, capacitors) on a motherboard or circuit board instead of replacing the whole board. Purpose: Fix problems at the component level Cost-effective compared to full board replacement 💰 Used in laptops, desktops, and mobile devices 💻📱 2. Essential Chip-Level Repair Tools 🛠️ A. Soldering Station 🔥 Purpose: Used to solder or desolder components on a PCB. Features: Adjustable temperature control ⚡ Soldering iron + stand + tip cleaner Use Cases: Replace capacitors, resistors, ICs Fix broken solder joints Tip: Always use the correct temperature to avoid PCB damage B. Multimeter 🧰 Purpose: Measures voltage, current, resistance, and continuity on circuits. Use Cases: Detect faulty resistors or capacitors Check if a circuit is live or dead ⚡ Test battery health 🔋 Tip: Use continuity mode to check t...

  1. Internet Configuration Basics ⚡ A. Connecting to Internet Via Cable/DSL: Connect modem → router → PC (Ethernet cable) 🔌 Via Wi-Fi: Connect PC/laptop to wireless SSID 📶 Mobile Hotspot: Use smartphone to share cellular data 📱 B. IP Configuration 🏷️ Automatic (DHCP): Router assigns IP, subnet mask, gateway automatically ✅ Manual (Static IP): You assign: IP Address: Unique identifier (e.g., 192.168.1.10) Subnet Mask: Usually 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: Router IP (e.g., 192.168.1.1) DNS Server: IP to resolve domain names (e.g., 8.8.8.8 for Google DNS) Windows: Control Panel → Network & Sharing Center → Adapter Settings → IPv4 Properties Linux: sudo ip addr add 192 .168.1.10/24 dev eth0 sudo ip route add default via 192 .168.1.1 2. Internet Troubleshooting Steps 🔧 Step 1: Check Physical Connection 🔌 Ethernet cable connected? Wi-Fi enabled and connected to correct SSID? Modem/router powered on? Ste...

  1. Introduction to Sharing 📂🔗 Definition: Network sharing allows devices on a network to access files, folders, or printers on other devices. Purpose: Collaborate easily without copying files 💻↔️💻 Use a single printer for multiple devices 🖨️ Save storage and resources 💾 2. File & Folder Sharing 📁 A. On Windows ⚡ Select Folder: Right-click → Properties → Sharing tab Enable Sharing: Click Share , choose users or “Everyone” 👥 Permissions: Read: Users can only view files Read/Write: Users can modify files ✏️ Access: Other PCs can access via \\ComputerName\SharedFolder Tip: Map network folder as a drive for easy access: Right-click This PC → Map Network Drive → Select folder → Assign drive letter B. On Linux 🐧 Use Samba to share folders with Windows/Linux: sudo apt install samba sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf # Add folder path and permissions sudo systemctl restart smbd 3. Printer Sharing 🖨️ ...

  1. IP Addressing 🏷️ Definition: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique number assigned to each device on a network to identify it. Format: IPv4 is most common → 4 numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.10 ) IPv4 Classes: Class A: 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255 → Large networks 🌍 Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 → Medium networks 🏢 Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255 → Small networks 🏠 Types of IP Address: Private IP: Used inside LAN (e.g., 192.168.x.x ) 🏠 Public IP: Used on the internet 🌐 2. Subnetting ✂️🖧 Definition: Subnetting divides a large network into smaller, manageable networks called subnets. Purpose: Efficient IP address usage 💡 Better network performance ⚡ Enhanced security 🔐 Example: Network: 192.168.1.0/24 → 256 IP addresses ( 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 ) Subnet into 2 smaller networks: 192.168.1.0/25 → 128 IPs 192.168.1.128/25 → 128 IPs Subnet Mask: Determin...