IP Addressing, Subnetting, and basic networking commands

-

 

1. IP Addressing 🏷️

  • Definition: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique number assigned to each device on a network to identify it.

  • Format: IPv4 is most common → 4 numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.10)

  • IPv4 Classes:

    • Class A: 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255 → Large networks 🌍

    • Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 → Medium networks 🏢

    • Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255 → Small networks 🏠

Types of IP Address:

  • Private IP: Used inside LAN (e.g., 192.168.x.x) 🏠

  • Public IP: Used on the internet 🌐

2. Subnetting ✂️🖧

  • Definition: Subnetting divides a large network into smaller, manageable networks called subnets.

  • Purpose:

    • Efficient IP address usage 💡

    • Better network performance ⚡

    • Enhanced security 🔐

Example:

  • Network: 192.168.1.0/24 → 256 IP addresses (192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255)

  • Subnet into 2 smaller networks:

    • 192.168.1.0/25 → 128 IPs

    • 192.168.1.128/25 → 128 IPs

Subnet Mask: Determines which part of IP is network and which is host

  • /24 → 255.255.255.0

  • /25 → 255.255.255.128

3. Basic Networking Commands 🖥️💻

A. Windows Commands ⚡

CommandUseExample
ipconfigShows IP address & network infoipconfig
pingTests connectivity to another deviceping 8.8.8.8
tracertShows path to a device/websitetracert google.com
nslookupChecks DNS resolutionnslookup example.com
netstatShows active connections & portsnetstat -an

B. Linux Commands 🐧

CommandUseExample
ifconfig or ip addrShow network interfacesifconfig
pingTest connectivityping 8.8.8.8
tracerouteShow path to hosttraceroute google.com
digDNS querydig example.com
netstatActive connectionsnetstat -tuln

4. Practical Tips 💡

  • Use ping to check if another device is reachable 🏓

  • Use ipconfig/ifconfig to verify your device IP before connecting to a network

  • Subnetting helps avoid IP conflicts in LAN

  • Label network devices and IP ranges for easier management 🏷️

💡 Quick Summary:

  • IP Address: Unique device identifier

  • Subnetting: Divide networks for efficiency and security

  • Commands: Ping, tracert, ipconfig/ifconfig, netstat, nslookup/dig → troubleshoot and manage networks

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

PG DCA Syllabus

-
Image
 PG-DCA Syllabus - 2025 Semester 1: Computer Fundamentals & Organization Basic Concepts of Computers Hardware and Software Computer System Organization Memory, CPU, and I/O devices Operating Systems Basics Introduction to Computer Architecture Programming in C Introduction to C Programming Data Types and Operators Control Statements Functions and Arrays Pointers and Memory Management File Handling in C Introduction to Data Structures (Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues) Operating Systems Introduction to Operating Systems Types of Operating Systems Processes and Threads Memory Management File Systems Input/Output Management System Security and Protection Database Management Systems (DBMS) Introduction to DBMS Database Models (Relational, Hierarchical, Network) SQL: Queries, Constraints, Joins, and Sub-queries Normalization and Data Integrity Transaction Management and Concurrency Control Backup and Recovery in DBMS Communication and Network Technologies Basic Concepts of Networking OS...
Read more

Internet configuration and troubleshooting

-
  1. Internet Configuration Basics ⚡ A. Connecting to Internet Via Cable/DSL: Connect modem → router → PC (Ethernet cable) 🔌 Via Wi-Fi: Connect PC/laptop to wireless SSID 📶 Mobile Hotspot: Use smartphone to share cellular data 📱 B. IP Configuration 🏷️ Automatic (DHCP): Router assigns IP, subnet mask, gateway automatically ✅ Manual (Static IP): You assign: IP Address: Unique identifier (e.g., 192.168.1.10) Subnet Mask: Usually 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: Router IP (e.g., 192.168.1.1) DNS Server: IP to resolve domain names (e.g., 8.8.8.8 for Google DNS) Windows: Control Panel → Network & Sharing Center → Adapter Settings → IPv4 Properties Linux: sudo ip addr add 192 .168.1.10/24 dev eth0 sudo ip route add default via 192 .168.1.1 2. Internet Troubleshooting Steps 🔧 Step 1: Check Physical Connection 🔌 Ethernet cable connected? Wi-Fi enabled and connected to correct SSID? Modem/router powered on? Ste...
Read more
-
  1. Meaning of Networking 🏷️ Networking is the process of connecting two or more computers or devices so they can communicate and share resources like files, internet, printers, and applications. In simple words: “Connecting devices to talk to each other.” 🖥️↔️💻 Example: Your laptop connects to your home Wi-Fi to access the internet or share files with another PC. 📡 2. Concept of Networking 💡 Networking involves several key ideas: Devices (Nodes): Any computer, printer, smartphone, or server connected in a network. 🖥️📱 Communication Medium: The physical or wireless link (Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi signals) connecting devices. 🔗 Protocols: Rules that devices follow to communicate, e.g., TCP/IP. 📜 Sharing Resources: Enables access to internet, printers, storage, and applications. 🗂️🖨️ Network Types: LAN (Local Area Network): Small area like home/office 🏠 WAN (Wide Area Network): Large area like the internet 🌍 PAN (Personal Are...
Read more